|
Alloy: Mixing of two or more substances together in various proportions is called alloy.
If mercury is found in the alloy, it is called malgama. Mercury does not only make malgama with iron and platinum mines. Mines have various characteristics. Some mines cannot be used softly alone. Like gold and silver. Some mines are not suitable for casting. Like copper, some of them can be easily eroded. Some are durable or non-durable. Some melt at high and some at low temperatures. Because of these various properties of the mines, alloys were made to make good use in the art and to make them more convenient. For example, since copper was not suitable for casting, brass alloys were made by melting copper with tin and melting with bronze and zinc. Alloys; they are suitable for use in the art as they melt to a lower degree than the melting points of the metals which form it.
Obtaining Alloys
Alloys: It is obtained by melting more than one various metal parts. It is covered with coal dust to prevent oxidation of the mines and the soil is melted in a crucible. If one mine is volatile, the other is melted and mixed with the other. A little too much mineral is put in to complete the lack of flying.
Made by melting in reverber furnaces to obtain large quantities of alloys
Properties of Alloys
• Alloys are dense and conduct heat and electricity at the shine of the mine. Some are white. But if colored metals such as copper and gold are found in sufficient quantities, the alloys are colored.
• In general, alloys can become harder, but less plate-resistant and more durable than their constituent materials. Gold, which can become too many sheets and leaves, is hard and breakable when mixed with antimony or lead.
• In copper, it loses its ability to become sheet when it is joined with tin.
• In alloys, both metals are melted in solid and liquid form.
• Metals do not melt within each other. In this case, an ordinary mixture was formed. This alloy shows two kinds of crystals under a microscope. Like a lead-antimony alloy.
• The alloy crystal contains both atoms in proportion to their number. Sodium material, Copper-Zinc alloy, Aluminum-Copper alloy, Iron-Carbon alloy. However, such alloys are not suitable for technical use. Because they are very fragile.
• Alloys are generally less active than the metals that make up them. For example, sodium malgam decomposes water more slowly. However, sodium has a very strong effect on water.
Alloys: Melt more and more easily than the less fusible metals entering their structures. Some of these mines melt at a lower degree than the melting degree of the molten metal. The issue is lead 3350C, bismuth 2640C, tin 2280C melted, although the parts of Bi8, Pb5, Sn3 alloy melts at 94.50 C. (Darcet) darse alloy.
Copper and tin alloy lose their strength over time. Copper enters the structure of many alloys. Gives hardness to silver and gold from precious metals. Preserves its subtleties without distorting brightness and color.
Chemical Properties
• Heat analyzes of alloys with a flyable mine. Gold and silver powder is first mixed with mercury. The mercury is filtered off the excess mercury and then the alloy is heated to distinguish the volatile material. Alloys are mixtures which can be less oxidized and less affected by acids than alloys.
• In general, oxygen acts on alloys. In this case, one mine makes an acid oxide and the other a base oxide. This is why tin and lead, antimony and potassium alloys burn. Some metals were chemically combined and made some alloys.
• E.g; (Sodium mercury material), (Copper zinc), (Aluminum copper), (Iron carbon) compounds. But these alloys are not suitable for use in the technique. They can break quickly. These alloys were formed according to the law of certain proportions.
• As for the examination of alloys by microscope; When acids or some chemical reagents are spilled onto the shiny surface of an alloy, various colors appear in the alloy. The effects are different. According to the type of mine various pits occur in various sizes are compared with the old form. It is examined under a microscope and photographed.
Elements with Important Alloys
Copper (Cu)
Copper falls into the composition of most important alloys. It blends with precious metals, giving them the ability to preserve even hardness and fine parts without disturbing their color and brightness.
Bronzes; Copper is the most important bronze with tin. The bronze of the balls is important in terms of durability. The tune of the bells is the bronze in which tin is found more than the top tune. This bronze may break, but they sound too.
It forms a very hard bronze with copper aluminum. There are also siliceous and phosphorous bronze.
Copper forms zinc and rice. Zinc and nickel with mayekor (imitation silver) makes.
Zinc (Zn)
Zinc is always used as alloys. The most important alloys are brass, bronze and white metal. Rice; zinc and copper alloy, the proportions of these two metals in the alloy is very different. However, the most commonly used type of copper is 60%, zinc is 40%. Bronze; Copper and tin alloy, some zinc is added. White metal; zinc is an alloy consisting of a mixture of copper, aluminum and magnesium metals. Recently, carburetor, fuel pump, radiator, door handles etc. in the automobile industry. parts.
A second important alloy of zinc is German silver. (New silver). Composition; copper, nickel and zinc metals. Although the alloy has nothing to do with silver, this name is given because it resembles silver.
Aluminum
In terms of economy, aluminum bronze is made by heating a mixture of 70 kg copper and 40 kg corundum or bauxite and coal pieces in the electric furnace; alumina is reduced to Al2O3. Carbon monoxide is extracted and an alloy with 14% aluminum is obtained. If this alloy is melted with sufficient copper, more durable alloys than bronze are obtained.
Ferrous aluminum; In the process, by replacing copper with a font, ferrous aluminum (Ferro-Aluminum) with 90% iron and 10% aluminum is obtained. This alloy is used to purify iron or steel. Alloys consisting of 10 parts of aluminum and 90 parts of copper make the aluminum bronze; this alloy has the luster of gold and the strength of the iron. If this alloy is repeated with 1 kg of copper and 1 kg of zinc, the aluminum brass is more robust and harder than ordinary brass. If the aluminum brass is remelted together with nickel, a new alloy is formed which is extremely durable and easily cast. The alloy, which consists of 10 parts tin and 100 parts aluminum, retains the color and to some extent the lightness of the aluminum. Easier, more processed. Aluminum solders.
Silinin: It consists of 86% aluminum and 14% silicon. In addition, there are also aluminum, magnesium and electron alloys.
Alloys of aluminum with silver and gold are also used to make trappings.
Lead (Pb)
The purpose of making lead alloys is to obtain a mixture of hard, rigid as well as flexible and fracture resistant metal with low melting points. The most important ones are;
Solder; This alloy with a melting point of 182 ° C consists of 40% lead and 60% tin.
Lead-antimony alloy: Composition: 13-25% lead, 75-87% antimony. They are very hard and have a slightly higher brittleness. They cannot withstand high pressures. To eliminate this poor property, some tin is added to the mixture. Sample; 73% lead, 15% antimony and 12% tin are made of alloy printing. Hard and pressure resistant.
Most Important Alloys
Now some important alloys will be examined.
Copper alloys
Copper + Tin ---> Bronze
Copper + Zinc ---> Brass
Copper + Zinc + Nickel ---> Mayakor
Copper + Zinc + Tin ---> Technical works
Copper + Aluminum ---> In science devices, marine valves, propellers, rudders.
Gold, silver and gold, copper alloys
Gold + Silver ---> Green gold
Gold + Silver ---> Faded leaf gold
Gold + Silver ---> Water green gold
Gold + Silver + Copper ---> Rose gold
Gold + Silver + Copper ---> Yellow, very white, precious British gold
Lead alloys
Lead + Tin ---> Soldering
Bullet + Arsenic ---> Nonsense and bullets
Lead + Antimony + Tin ---> Printing letters
Iron alloys
Chrome + Iron ---> Wire-roller bearings
Iron + Nickel ---> Science instruments
Iron + Nickel ---> Bulb wire
Iron + Molybdenum ---> High speed casting
Iron + Tungsten ---> Casting of parts (tungsten steel)
Iron's phosphorous, carbonaceous, siliconized, steels are also important alloys.
Nickel alloys
Copper + Nickel ---> Acid tanks (Monel Metal)
Nickel + Chrome ---> Electric iron and electric grid.
|
